Babies born to mothers who had anaemia during pregnancy may have smaller brain volumes, particularly in regions associated with movement, learning and emotional regulation, according to a new study by researchers from King’s College London and the University of Cape Town.

Anaemia may affect early brain development

The study followed 394 mother-infant pairs in Cape Town and used MRI scans to examine brain development at different stages between three months and two years of age.

Researchers found that babies born to mothers with anaemia had an average total brain volume around 4% smaller than babies whose mothers did not have anaemia. Differences became measurable from around 12 months and persisted during the first two years.

Three regions — the putamen, caudate nucleus and corpus callosum — showed notable differences. These areas play roles in functions including movement, processing, executive function and emotional regulation.

The researchers said the findings could help explain earlier research linking maternal anaemia with poorer developmental outcomes in children. However, the study does not mean that every baby born to an anaemic mother will develop cognitive difficulties.

Why treating anaemia during pregnancy matters

Anaemia is common during pregnancy and is often linked to iron deficiency. More than a third of pregnant women globally are affected, with particularly high rates reported in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.

The researchers stressed the importance of screening women for anaemia and iron deficiency during pregnancy and providing appropriate treatment under medical supervision.

The findings are particularly relevant in India, where maternal and child nutrition remain important public health concerns. Karnataka has also reported initiatives aimed at reducing anaemia among women and children.

Pregnant women should attend regular antenatal check-ups and discuss haemoglobin or iron test results with their healthcare provider rather than starting supplements without medical advice.

Early attention to maternal nutrition and anaemia can help support the health and development of both mother and child.