In his first public comments on the Church’s delicate relationship with China, Pope Leo XIV on Sunday urged prayers for Chinese Catholics, expressing hope that they remain in full communion with the Holy See. Speaking from the Vatican window during his midday blessing, the newly elected pontiff called for strength and joy for China’s faithful, that they may “be witnesses to the Gospel, even amid trials, and promoters of peace and harmony.”

His comments followed the Church’s annual May 24 feast dedicated to praying for the Church in China, a tradition started by Pope Benedict XVI to foster unity between the state-approved Church and the underground community loyal to Rome. Pope Leo noted that prayers had been offered globally, symbolizing the Church’s concern and solidarity with Chinese Catholics.

The Vatican’s 2018 agreement with Beijing, brokered under Pope Francis, remains controversial. While its exact terms remain undisclosed, the pact allows Chinese authorities input in bishop appointments, though the pope retains final authority. Critics argue it compromises the underground Church; the Vatican defends it as the only viable path forward.

Now, Pope Leo must decide whether to continue renewing the deal amid signs of Chinese overreach—such as recent bishop selections without papal consent. Just before Leo’s election, China held preliminary elections for two bishops, raising diplomatic concerns.

Cardinal Stephen Chow of Hong Kong said Leo is familiar with Chinese culture and had promised not to forget China’s Church, a gesture sealed with a nod and a gift: a statue of Our Lady of Sheshan.