High HIV Prevalence in Karnataka: A Study in High-Burden Districts

India has the second-largest population of people living with HIV (PLHIV). Despite a national decline in HIV prevalence from 2000 to 2021, certain regions, particularly in the northeastern and southern states, continue to show high prevalence rates. This study focuses on high-prevalence districts in Karnataka, aiming to identify the socioeconomic and behavioral factors associated with these rates.

Objectives

To identify the socioeconomic and behavioral factors contributing to high HIV prevalence in the high-burden districts of Karnataka.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study was conducted across 24 centers in three high-prevalence districts: Vijayapura, Bagalkot, and Belagavi. Data from 2501 HIV-positive individuals were analyzed, focusing on demographics, risk behaviors, and treatment history.

Results

Gender Distribution: Males constituted the majority of HIV cases: Vijayapura (56.0%), Bagalkot (51.4%), and Belagavi (61.1%).
Age Group: The highest prevalence was observed among adults aged 25-49 years.
Socioeconomic Factors: Daily wage workers and individuals with multiple sexual partners had higher prevalence rates than married and educated individuals.
Couples: Newly diagnosed discordant couples ranged from 12.2% to 18.4% across the districts.
Behavioral Factors: Multiple heterosexual partners were a significant risk factor, with the highest percentage reported in Belagavi (91.6%).

Conclusion

High HIV prevalence in these districts is associated with specific socioeconomic and behavioral factors, including gender, age, marital status, occupation, and sexual behavior. Addressing these issues through targeted interventions, education, and improved healthcare services is crucial for effective HIV control.

Key Points

High-Risk Populations: Daily wage workers and individuals with multiple sexual partners are particularly vulnerable.
Regional Variations: Differences in HIV prevalence and related factors across the districts highlight the need for tailored interventions.
Healthcare Needs: Strengthened healthcare services and better follow-up are essential to address the high loss-to-follow-up rates.